The Consequences of World War I

World War I was fought on battlefields throughout Europe between 1914 and 1918. It involved human slaughter on a previously unprecedented scale—and its consequences were enormous. The human and structural devastation left Europe and the world greatly changed in almost all facets of life, setting the stage for political convulsions throughout the remainder of the century. A New Great Power Before its entry into World War I, the United States of America was a nation of untapped military potential and growing economic might. But the war changed the United States in two important ways: the countrys military was turned into a large-scale fighting force with the intense experience of modern war, a force that was clearly equal to that of the old Great Powers; and the balance of economic power began to shift from the drained nations of Europe to America. However, the dreadful toll taken by the war led U.S. politicians to retreat from the world and return to a policy of isolationism. That isolation initially limited the impact of Americas growth, which would only truly come to fruition in the aftermath of World War II. This retreat also undermined the League of Nations and the emerging new political order. Socialism Rises to the World Stage The collapse of Russia under the pressure of total warfare allowed socialist revolutionaries to seize power  and turn communism, one of the world’s growing ideologies, into a major European force. While the global socialist revolution that Vladimir Lenin believed was coming never happened, the presence of a huge and potentially powerful communist nation in Europe and Asia changed the balance of world politics. Germanys politics initially tottered toward  joining Russia, but eventually pulled back from experiencing a full Leninist change and formed a new social democracy. This would come under great pressure and fail from the challenge of Germanys right, whereas Russias authoritarian regime after the tsarists lasted for decades. The Collapse of Central and Eastern European Empires The German, Russian, Turkish, and Austro-Hungarian Empires all fought in World War I, and all were swept away by defeat and revolution, although not necessarily in that order. The fall of Turkey in 1922 from a revolution stemming directly from the war, as well as that of Austria-Hungary, was probably not that much of a surprise: Turkey had long been regarded as the sick man of Europe, and vultures had circled its territory for decades. Austria-Hungary appeared close behind. But the fall of the young, powerful, and growing German Empire, after the people revolted and the Kaiser was forced to abdicate, came as a great shock. In their place came a rapidly changing series of new governments, ranging in structure from democratic republics to socialist dictatorships. Nationalism Transforms and Complicates Europe Nationalism had been growing in Europe for decades before World War I began, but the wars aftermath saw a major rise in new nations and independence movements. Part of this was a result of Woodrow Wilson’s isolationist commitment to what he called self-determination. But part of it was also a response to the destabilization of old empires, which nationalists viewed as an opportunity to declare new nations. The key region for European nationalism was Eastern Europe and the Balkans, where Poland, the three Baltic States, Czechoslovakia, the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, and others emerged. But nationalism conflicted hugely with the ethnic makeup of this region of Europe, where many different nationalities and ethnicities sometimes lived in tension with one another. Eventually, internal conflicts stemming from new self-determination by national majorities arose from disaffected minorities who preferred the rule of neighbors. The Myths of Victory and Failure German commander Erich Ludendorff suffered a mental collapse before he called for an armistice to end the war, and when he recovered and discovered the terms he had signed onto, he insisted Germany refuse them, claiming the army could fight on. But the new civilian government overruled him, as once peace had been established there was no way to keep the army fighting. The civilian leaders who overruled Ludendorff became scapegoats for both the army and Ludendorff himself. Thus began, at the very close of the war, the myth of the undefeated German army being stabbed in the back by liberals, socialists, and Jews who had damaged the Weimar Republic and fueled the rise of Hitler. That myth came directly from Ludendorff setting up the civilians for the fall. Italy didn’t receive as much land as it had been promised in secret agreements, and Italian right-wingers exploited this to complain of a mutilated peace. In contrast, in Britain, the successes of 1918 which had been won partly by their soldiers were increasingly ignored, in favor of viewing the war and all war as a bloody catastrophe. This affected their response to international events in the 1920s and 1930s; arguably, the policy of appeasement was born from the ashes of World War I. The Largest Loss: A Lost Generation While it is not strictly true that a whole generation was lost—and some historians have complained about the term—eight million people died during World War I, which was perhaps one in eight of the combatants. In most of the Great Powers, it was hard to find anyone who had not lost someone to the war. Many other people had been wounded or shell-shocked so badly they killed themselves, and these casualties are not reflected in the figures.

The Criminal Justice System And Are Introduced Into A New...

Abstract - Offenders enter the criminal justice system and are introduced into a new world. While incarcerated offenders become a part of a new temporary community in which they must learn how to behave and interact with other inmates. Upon release prisoners must then relearn the new norms to reintegrate into the community successfully. When it is time to be released offenders face many barriers before and during their reintegration into the community. Former offenders lack the resources to reenter a community and depending on the offense the criminal will need a lot of support to deter them from reentering the prison system. Reintegrating into the community is when a person who has not been a part of a community for some period of time,†¦show more content†¦Criminals who have been released need support services for such reasons as this one. Some inmates are fortunate enough to be released to families who are expecting their return and are willing to help support them until they get back on their feet, which is one less barrier that they need to overcome. However, some are returned to the community with no one to help look after them or provide them with a home or monetary relief until they find a job. Which continues to add to preexisting barriers that offenders already face. When prisoners are released into the community in similar terms like these, they are left to be their own support system. At this point the offender must look for a place to live and a job to supply for their necessities. But when someone has a criminal record employers in most states can deny jobs to people who were arres ted, but never convicted of a crime. (After Prison: Roadblocks To Reentry, 2004, p. 10). When states allow employers to ask about prior arrests and convictions that limits the ability for offenders to gain employment. In the United States there are 37 states that allow employers to ask about their criminal background even if the applicant was not convicted. And then there are 10

Hilton Hotel Free Essays

News Brief Hilton Hotels tops in customer satisfaction http://planyourmeetings. com/2006/06/01/hilton-hotels-tops-in-customer-satisfaction/ By Kristi Casey Sanders Published: June 1, 2006 Hilton Hotels Corporation leads the hotel industry in customer satisfaction, according to the latest statistics from the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). With a score of 78 points out of a possible 100, Hilton took the leadership position among the seven hotel companies mentioned in the survey. We will write a custom essay sample on Hilton Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overall, the hotel industry improved 3 percent to 75, equaling its highest score since 1994. Hilton takes great pride in its ACSI customer satisfaction score, which confirms the results of an unparalleled focus and commitment by the 74,000 team members at our owned and managed hotel properties across the country to deliver the best in guest service,† said Dieter Huckestein, president – hotel operations owned and managed for Hilton Hotels Corporation. Hilton’s portfolio of 2,000 hotels includes Hilton, Doubletree, Embassy Suites Hotels, Hampton Inn, Hampton Inn Suites, Hilton Garden Inn and Homewood Suites by Hilton. The ACSI is produced through a partnership of the University of Michigan Business School, ASQ, and CFI Group, which measures customer satisfaction in the competitive hotel industry on a regular basis. The ACSI is updated on a rolling basis. New scores for the hotel industry replace those collected one year ago and are added to scores of five other sectors of the economy measured during the intervening year. One sector that didn’t fare well was the airline industry, which dropped 1. percent to 65, its lowest score since the industry was rocked by 9/11. Southwest Airlines still rules the industry at 74. US Airways made the industry’s biggest jump, improving nearly 9 percent to 62. Northwest Airlines, on the other hand, dropped 4. 7 percent to 61, taking last place in the industry as it struggles with strikes and a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing. The overall decline was attributed to the airlines’ struggle with labor contracts, bankruptcies and higher fuel prices, lea ving consumers feeling they are getting less for their money. How to cite Hilton Hotel, Essay examples Hilton Hotel Free Essays These things that I learned at last lesson: 1)Product and service difference: Basically ; Products are tangible and services are intangible. For example; Apple Iphone, Coffe Mocha at Starbucks are products,but healthy services sector,home repair service,wireless communication,trip to somewhere ;they dont result ownership of anything. 2)Customer vs. We will write a custom essay sample on Hilton Hotel or any similar topic only for you Order Now consumer :Customer and consumer are not same things. For example;mother buy napkin for her baby and then baby consume it in this situation baby is a consumer, mother is a customer . )Sales dont mean to marketing. Sales cover just selling but marketing process makes the broad strategy. Selling and advertising are only part of larger ‘marketing mix’ marketers purpose satisfying customer needs. 4)Consumer Behavior:’The behavior that consumers display in searching for purchasing,using,evaulating and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs’. When ? decide to buy new product what factors influence on me? A)External factors:cultural,social,family rolesstatus,reference groups B)Internal factors:psychological factors(motivation,perception,learning,belief and attitudes) * Consumer behavior includes all the decisions a consumer makes when spending their time and money. The what,why,when,where,and how of consumer purchases are examined. 5)Two consumer entities Personal consumer:the individual who buys goods services for his or her own use for household use. Organizational consumer:Business,government Marketing Concept: Production orientation:company wanted efficient production lines ,not focused product variation. Sales Orientation:overproduction,excess product Marketing concept:focus on customer,expectations of customer,marketers become more sophisticated in understanding the consumer and delivering products that meet their need. Societal Marketing Concept:Consider consumers long run best interest,in this concept marketers are consciousof negative effect health,environment. * Fair trade: trying to give support manufacturer,especially poor companies such as Africa Endonesia. Segmentation,targeting,positioning:Segment:share simialr meet and expectations and enables marketers to target consumers. Divide the total market into smaller segments. (segmentation) Types of segmentation:geographic,demographic(age gender,family size,family life-cycle Marketing mix: The set of tactical marketing tool. 4P=PRODUCT,PLACE,PROMOTION,PRICE. P roduct;goodsservices combination. Place;includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. for example;using social networks,internet stores. Promotion;activities that malke product availableto target customers,and persuade. (public relation,advertisement,selling process. Customer value:Perceived value is relative and subjective. Developing a value proposition(unique selling proposition) is critical in attaining successful positioning of a broad Customer trust: Recommendation,word of mouth influence on customers,newspaper,websites Customer retention:loyal customer:buy more products, are less price sensitive Customer profitibality-focused marketing: BCG growth-share matrix=each produsct hs different contribution(star,question mark,cash cow,dog) Platinum- heavy user,not price sensitive Gold-heavy user but not as profitable Iron Lead-like dogs in bcg approaches SEYMA TEMEL-135710019 How to cite Hilton Hotel, Essay examples

Philosophy and Rhetoric of Auditor †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Philosophy and Rhetoric of Auditor. Answer: Introduction The main objective of audit is to offer an organizations shareholders with expertize, and independent opinion or views as to whether annual account of an organization shows fair and true view of financial position and whether they could be depended on (Bamber Iyer, 2007). Audit enhance trustworthiness of the financial information by offering some written assurance from the self-regulating source which they shows fair and true view of the reports. Such independent could not unmet in case users come to realize that auditors were inclined by some persons, mostly the firms management (Nelson, 2006). This is because independence of auditor is the most significant aspect in founding trustworthiness of the auditing opinions. Basically, according to Reiter and Williams (2004) auditor independence is nowadays a troubled issues for quite sometimes. Some of the major issues of this concept are that there have been no doubts rooted in economic arrangement whereby the customers pay for the audit services. In other scenarios laying individuals on term of independence with some separative context given the serious economic connection in between the customer and the auditor is said to have some issues granting auditor their independence appearance. With these considerations, this essay present an evaluation of what auditor independence is as well as an evaluation of how auditors could be independent even when being paid by their customers. Explanation of Independence of Auditors Independence it the key means by which auditors shows that they could perform their duties in an objective way (Prentice, 2000). Auditors independent is the independence of the auditors from external or internal parties which might result to some financial interest in an organization being audited. Independence of auditors needs objective approach and integrity to audit process. (Moore, Tetlock, Tanlu Bazerman, 2006). It usually requires an auditor to conduct their operations freely and in the most objective means. In essence, independence of the auditors is the independent from those parties with interests which could be damaged by outcomes of the audit. It also implies independent from persons with some interests in financial data. Need for auditors independence mostly arise since in most scenarios users of the financial information do not have adequate knowledge or information in understanding what is contained in an organizations annual account (Moore, Loewenstein, Tanlu Bazerm an, 2003). Therefore, they heavily depend on auditors independence assessment. In addition, auditor independence is one of the chief objectives of auditing firm (Kinney, Palmrose Scholz, 2004). Nonetheless, this might only result in solving independence by their presence. In case auditors are changed every five years, they would look more independence, but this does not guarantee independence. Since auditors might not be 100%, this does not imply that they could not create opinion based on the evidence recovered from audit work, which might make them a bit independent. An auditor is independent when their decision or audit opinion is not at any point influence by relationship between the auditor and other parties (Nelson, 2006). In this case, they are usually expected to offer unbiased as well as honest professional notion on financial statement of a given firm to shareholders. At times doubts are expressed in regard to independence of the external auditors. It could be stated that unless important corporate governance measures are put in place, an auditor might reach audit judgements and opinions which could he greatly influenced by wish of maintaining relatively better relations with the organizations being audited (Bazerman, Morgan Loewenstein, 1997). In case such takes place, auditors could no longer be independent and shareholders could not heavily rely on opinion provided by these auditors. Auditors independence is usually the foundation of auditing occupation as it is the pillar of publics trust. Auditor can be independence in three primary means; that is investigative independence, programming as well as reporting independence. Programming independence usually protects auditors capacity in selecting one the most suitable strategy while conducting audit work (Derieux 2000). This means that auditors are allowed to slant any part of financial statement in whatever means they deem the best. On the other hand, investigative independence usually protects auditors capacity of implementing strategies in any manner they could consider fit. In this case, they have unlimited access to an organizations financial information. Further, reporting independence usually protects auditors capacity in selecting to disclose to general public info they strongly believe could be revealed. In this scenario, auditor independence is in a condition where it could be more likely to be compromise d. Interestingly, an auditor might be independent even whenever they are paid. This is based on the fact that though they are being paid by their client, auditors become less sceptical as compared to what they would have been if not paid and therefore they are very keen while conducting their audit work (Derieux 2000). This help them to observe high level of independence while conduct their job. Further, despite being paid by their clients, auditors still observe independence in that they want to enhance or maintain strong reputation of their accountants and to fairly as well as accurately report audit work such that their shareholders could make some sound decisions in maintaining confidence of general public (Corless, Bartlett Seglund 1990). Further, despite the auditors being paid by their clients they tend to observe higher level of independence. This is evidenced by the fact they tend to show capacity of acting with high level of integrity and being objective as well as maintaining an attitude of the professional scepticism which is crucial in enhancing audit independence (Derieux 2000). In addition, auditors are independence despite them being paid by clients in that they try to scrutinize all the financial statements presented by the management without being influenced by anybody in the organization since they cannot be fired for any reason and could not be fired for failing to show high level of integrity while conducting their audit work. Conclusion In conclusion, auditing said to be very important since it offer an organizations shareholders with expertize, and independent opinion or views as to whether annual account of an organization shows fair and true view of financial position and whether they could be depended on. In addition, it can be concluded that auditing is crucial since it enhances trustworthiness of the financial reports by offering some written assurance from the self-regulating source which they reveal fair and true view of the financial statements. Therefore, it can be concluded that independence is the key means by which auditors shows that they could perform their duties in an objective way. It can be viewed as independence of the auditors from external or internal parties which might result to some financial interest in an organization being audited. It can also be concluded that independence of auditor requires an auditor to conduct their operations freely and in the most objective means. In essence, it ca n be concluded that independence of the auditors is the independent from persons whose interest could be damaged by outcomes of the audit. It is also found out that independence of auditor arise from persons with some interests in financial reports. Therefore, auditor independence is one of the chief objectives of auditing firm. It is also found to be a process of auditors making their decision or audit opinion without being at any point influence by relationship between the auditor and other parties. Thus, they offer unbiased as well as honest professional notion on financial statement of a given firm to shareholders. References Corless, JC, Bartlett, RW Seglund, R J 1990, Psychological factors affecting auditor independence.The Ohio CPA Journal,49(1), 5-9. Bamber, EM, Iyer, VM 2007, Auditors' identification with their clients and its effect on auditors' objectivity, Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 26(2), 1-24. Bazerman, MH, Morgan, KP, Loewenstein, GF 1997, Opinion: The impossibility of auditor independence, Sloan Management Review, 38(4), 89. Derieux, SA 2000, Let's Reassess Accounting Standards,Journal of Accountancy,189(5), 82. Kinney, WR, Palmrose, ZV, Scholz, S 2004, Auditor Independence, Non?Audit Services, and Restatements: Was the US Government Right?, Journal of Accounting Research, 42(3), 561-588. Moore, DA, Loewenstein, G, Tanlu, L Bazerman, MH 2003, Auditor independence, conflict of interest, and the unconscious intrusion of bias. Division of Research, Harvard Business School. Moore, DA, Tetlock, PE, Tanlu, L Bazerman, MH 2006, Conflicts of interest and the case of auditor independence: Moral seduction and strategic issue cycling, Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 10-29. Nelson, MW 2006, Ameliorating conflicts of interest in auditing: Effects of recent reforms on auditors and their clients, Academy of Management Review, 31(1), 30-42. Prentice, RA 2000, The SEC and MDP: Implications of the self-serving bias for independent auditing, Ohio St. LJ, 61, 1597. Reiter, SA Williams, PF 2004, 'The philosophy and rhetoric of auditor independence concepts', Business Ethics Quarterly, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 335376.